Fantine Gardinier
One file in the dossier is dated September 1, 1945 - about three weeks after the second of two atom bombs was dropped on Japan, killing more than 110,000 people and bringing an abrupt end to the Second World War.
Titled “Calculated Biological Effects of Atomic Explosion in Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” the two Japanese cities targeted, the memo revealed some of the bomb victims had not died from the air blast or the heat of the explosion, but from poisoning caused by radioactive fallout. Those victims died not when the bombs exploded, but days or weeks later.
In another document, George Kistiakowsky, the Los Alamos scientist who authored the September 1 report, sent a memo to Oppenheimer that same day, revealing that he hesitated to pass the study along because of Groves’ press comments.
Indeed, the July 16, 1945, Trinity blast sent just such a toxic cloud across the New Mexico Jornada del Muerto plains, dousing communities of Hispanic and Apache farmers who have become known as the Tularosa Downwinders.
They have suffered high rates of radiation-related illnesses, such as leukemia and other forms of cancer, and had to fight the federal government for compensation.
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